How do embryos form cells in our lungs, muscles, nerves, and other tissues? A new method can decode the genetic instructions that enable embryonic universal cells to proliferate and transform into many specialized cell types in the body.
At the beginning, it was a group of the same cells, which changed shape and function as they proliferated, and eventually became cells in our lungs, muscles, nerves, and all other specialized tissues in the body. Embryos possess this ability to create miracles.
Now, in a feat of reverse tissue engineering, researchers at Stanford University have begun to unravel the complex genetic code that enables embryonic cells to proliferate and transform into all specialized cells that perform different biological functions.
This interdisciplinary research team chose to obtain lung cells from mouse embryos at different points in the mouse development cycle. Using new single-cell genome analysis techniques, they recorded the genes activated at each time point. Although they are studying lung cells, their technique is applicable to all cell types.
The head of the research team, Professor Stephen Quake, Stanford University School of Engineering, said: "This is a blueprint for how to do reverse tissue engineering."
They used this reverse engineering method to study alveolar cells. The alveoli are a "transit station" for blood vessels to receive oxygen and take away carbon dioxide.
Barbara Treutlein, a postdoctoral fellow in the Quake laboratory, and Doug Brownfield, a postdoctoral researcher in the Krasnow laboratory, obtained 198 from mouse embryos in three stages of pregnancy: 14.5 days, 16.5 days, and 18.5 days (the average mouse was born on day 20) Lung cells. They also obtained some lung cells from adult mice.
Using standard enzyme technology, they dissolved the proteins that held the lung cells together to form tissues, and then sorted out the specific alveolar cell types that were the focus of their research. Their next steps involve some new technologies that are at the core of their reverse engineering process.
Recall how the eyedropper works. Squeeze the rubber ball to expel air; place it in the solution to fill it with solution; squeeze the rubber ball again to squeeze out the liquid.
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