GTRH-2 black body infrared radiation experiment instrument
Openable experiment
1. The influence of the surface characteristics of the object on the amount of radiation;
2. The relationship between the amount of blackbody radiation and the distance and the square of the distance;
3. With the change of radiation intensity, the characteristics of the wavelength of the radiated infrared light are transferred;
4. Understand the radiation protection capabilities of different objects;
Main technical features
1. The halogen lamp beads are heated, and the radiator is more evenly heated;
2, using PID temperature control heating, improve the accuracy of the experiment;
3, the use of linear guide base, easy to operate;
4. Using precision infrared sensor, the measurement sensitivity is higher;
5, Pt100 built-in temperature measurement, the measurement temperature is more accurate;
Main Specifications
1. Temperature control range: room temperature to 90°, accuracy 0.1°;
2, the length of the linear guide: 60cm;
3, temperature controller with load output voltage: 20 ± 2V;
4, heating lamp power: 50W;
5, four and a half digital multimeter;
6, working voltage and frequency: 220V, 50Hz;
Thermal radiation was a new discipline developed in the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century, research in this field reached its peak, so that the baby of quantum theory was destined to be born from here. The blackbody radiation experiment is one of the key experiments in the establishment of quantum theory, and it is also an important experiment in the experimental teaching of colleges and universities. The phenomenon that an object radiates electromagnetic waves due to temperature becomes thermal radiation. The spectrum of thermal radiation is a continuous spectrum, and the wavelength coverage can theoretically range from 0 to ∞, while the general thermal radiation mainly depends on visible light and infrared rays with long wavelengths. While the object radiates outward, it also absorbs energy radiated from other objects, and the energy radiated or absorbed by the object is related to its temperature, surface area, blackness and other factors.
ã€introduction】
The real study of thermal radiation began with GrKirchhoff. In 1859, he theoretically introduced the concepts of radiation, absorption and blackbody. He used the second law of thermodynamics to prove that the thermal radiation power r(ν,T) of all objects is proportional to the absorption power α(ν,T), the ratio Only related to frequency ν and temperature T, the mathematical expression is:
(1)
Where F(ν,T) is a universal function independent of matter. In 1861 he further pointed out that the thermal radiation in a cavity surrounded by an opaque wall at a certain temperature is equivalent to the thermal radiation of a black body. In 1879, J. Stefan concluded from the experiment that the radiation R of blackbody radiation is proportional to the absolute temperature T of the object. In 1884, Boltzmann gave the above conclusions strict. The theory proves that its mathematical expression is:
(2)
Sterling-Boltzmann's law, in which 
It is a Boltzmann constant.
In 1888, HF Weber proposed that the product of wavelength and absolute temperature is constant. In 1893, Wilhelmwien proved theoretically that its mathematical expression is:
(3)
In the formula, b=2.8978×10-3(mK) is a universal constant. As the temperature increases, the wavelength of the maximum value of the absolute blackbody spectral brightness shifts to the short-wave direction, that is, the Wien displacement law.
Figure 1 Relationship between radiant energy and wavelength
Figure 1 shows the radiant energy of the different color temperatures of the black body as a function of wavelength. The peak wavelength λmax is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature T. In 1896, Wien derived the functional form of the blackbody radiation spectrum:
(4)
In the formula, α and β are constants. Compared with the experimental data, this formula agrees well in the short-wave region, but systematic deviation occurs in the long-wave portion. In recognition of Wien's outstanding contribution to thermal radiation research, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1911.
In 1900, the British physicist Lord Rayleigh introduced the energy distribution formula of blackbody radiation from the law of energy equalization.
(5)
This formula is called the Rayleigh Kings formula. The formula is consistent with the experimental data in the long wave part, but the infinite value appears in the short wave part, and the experimental result tends to zero. This serious divergence is called the "ultraviolet disaster."
In 1900, the German physicist M. Planck, based on the work of the predecessors, used the interpolation method to connect the Wien formula for short waves with the Rayleigh Kings formula for long waves. A good blackbody radiation formula is obtained that matches the experimental data in all bands:
(6)
In the formula, C1 and C2 are constants, but the theoretical basis of the formula is not clear.
The results of this study prompted Planck to further explore the deeper physical nature of the formula. He found that if the following "quantum" hypothesis is made: for electromagnetic radiation of a certain frequency ν, the object can only absorb or emit it in units of hν, that is, the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation can only be carried out in a "quantum" manner, each The energy of a "quantum" is: E = hν, called the energy sub. Where h is an experimentally determined scale factor, known as the Planck constant, which has a value of 6.62559 x 10-34 joule seconds. C1 and C2 in formula (6) can be expressed as: 
, 
They are all related to the Planck constant and are referred to as the first radiation constant and the second radiation constant, respectively.
ã€Purpose】
1. Study the influence of the radiating surface of the object and the temperature of the radiator on the radiation capacity of the object, and analyze the cause.
2. Measure the relationship between the object's radiant energy W and the distance L and the square of the distance L2 when changing the distance between the test point and the radiator, and plot the W-L2 curve.
3. According to Wien's displacement law, the relationship between the radiant energy of the object and the wavelength is plotted.
4. What are the inspirations you can get from measuring the radiation protection of different objects? (optional)
ã€experiment equipment】
GTTA-1 temperature controller, GTRH-2 black body radiation test stand, infrared heat radiation sensor, optical guide (60cm), GTRH-IFS infrared converter, etc.
[Experimental content]
First, the temperature of the object and the influence of the surface of the object on the radiation ability of the object.
1. Install the GTRH-2 black body radiation test frame and the infrared heat radiation sensor on the optical guide rail, adjust the height of the infrared heat radiation sensor to match the center of the simulated black body (radiator), and then adjust the GTRH-2 blackbody radiation test. The distance between the frame and the infrared thermal radiation sensor is a suitable distance and is locked by a fastening screw on the optical bench.
2. Connect the heating input port and the temperature control sensor port on the test rack through the dedicated connection to the corresponding port of the GTTA-1 temperature controller; connect the infrared radiation sensor to the GTRH-IFS infrared converter with a dedicated connection line; If the connection is correct, after confirming that it is correct, turn on the power and heat the radiator.
3. Insert the two test leads of the multimeter into the output port of the GTRH-IFS infrared converter, record the radiation intensity at different temperatures, fill in Table 1, and plot the temperature-radiation intensity.
Note: This experiment can be measured dynamically or statically. Set different control temperatures for static measurement. For details on how to set the temperature, see the temperature control manual. In static measurement, since temperature control takes time and takes a long time, dynamic measurement is recommended for this experiment.
Table 1: Black body temperature and radiation intensity record
Temperature (°C)
20
25
30
.......
80
Radiation intensity (mV)
4. Remove the infrared radiation sensor and set the temperature control table at 60 °C. After the temperature is controlled, move the infrared radiation sensor to the vicinity of the radiator and rotate the radiator (the radiator is hot, please bring the glove to rotate, To avoid scalding, the radiant intensity on different radiation surfaces was measured and recorded in Table 2.
Table 2: Black body surface and radiation intensity record
Black face
Black-faced
Rough surface
Glossy 1
Glossy 2
Radiation intensity
Note: The smoothness of the smooth surface 1 is better than that of the smooth surface 2. Since there is a light-passing hole on the smooth surface 1, in order to avoid the influence of light on the experiment during the experiment, the light-passing hole can be adhered with the attached black tape.
Second, explore the relationship between blackbody radiation and distance
1. Fasten the GTRH-2 black body radiation test stand to the left end of the optical guide. The infrared radiation sensor probe is placed close to the center of the radiator, and adjust the position of the radiator until the line on the infrared radiation sensor base is aligned with the optical guide scale. A full scale and use this scale as the distance zero.
2. Move the infrared radiation sensor to the other end of the rail and rotate the black side of the radiator to the positive infrared radiation sensor.
3. Set the temperature control meter at 90 °C. After the temperature is controlled, move the infrared radiation sensor. After moving a certain distance, record the corresponding irradiance, and record the radiation intensity-distance map and radiation in Table 3. The square of the intensity-distance.
4. Analyze the plotted graph, what conclusions can you draw from it, whether the blackbody radiation has an inverse proportionality to the square of the light intensity and distance.
Table 3: Black body radiation and distance relationship record
Distance (mm)
400
380
........
0
Radiation intensity
Note: During the experiment, the temperature of the radiator is high, and it is forbidden to touch to avoid burns.
Third, according to Wien's displacement law, the relationship between the radiant energy of the survey object and the wavelength
1. According to the first experiment, the relationship between the radiation intensity of the radiator and the temperature of the radiator was measured and recorded at different temperatures.
2. According to Equation 3, find λmax at different temperatures.
3. Delineate the W-λmax plot based on the radiant intensity at different temperatures and the corresponding λmax.
4. Analyze the depicted graph and explain why.
* Fourth, measuring the radiation resistance of different objects (optional)
1. Measure the change in radiation intensity before and after placing the object plate between the radiator and the infrared radiation sensor.
2. When the different object plates are placed, what is the change of the radiation intensity of the radiator? For the reason of analysis, you can get the weight radiation resistance of the heavy material, and what kind of inspiration you can get from it.
[Experimental Notes]
1. During the experiment, when the temperature of the radiator is high, it is forbidden to touch the radiator to avoid burns.
2. When measuring the influence of different radiation surfaces on the radiation intensity, the radiation temperature should not be set too high. When rotating the radiator, gloves should be worn.
3. In the course of the experiment, in order to avoid serious jumps in the multimeter, the influence of the external environment should be avoided as much as possible.
4. The smooth surface of the radiator 1 is high and should be avoided.
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